The abundance of the long intergenic non-coding RNA 01087 differentiates between luminal and triple-negative breast cancers and predicts patient outcome.

The molecular complexity of human breast cancer (BC) renders the clinical management of the disease challenging. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are promising biomarkers for BC patient stratification, early detection, and disease monitoring. Here, we identified the involvement of the long intergenic non-coding RNA 01087 (LINC01087) in breast oncogenesis. LINC01087 appeared significantly downregulated in triple-negative BCs (TNBCs) and upregulated in the luminal BC subtypes in comparison to mammary samples from cancer-free women and matched normal cancer pairs. Interestingly, deregulation of LINC01087 allowed to accurately distinguish between luminal and TNBC specimens, independently of the clinicopathological parameters, and of the histological and TP53 or BRCA1/2 mutational status. Moreover, increased expression of LINC01087 predicted a better prognosis in luminal BCs, while TNBC tumors that harbored lower levels of LINC01087 were associated with reduced relapse-free survival. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses were performed on TNBC and luminal BC samples and suggested that the putative tumor suppressor activity of LINC01087 may rely on interferences with pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, invasion, inflammation and drug sensitivity. Altogether, these data suggest that the assessment of LINC01087 deregulation could represent a novel, specific and promising biomarker not only for the diagnosis and prognosis of luminal BC subtypes and TNBCs, but also as a predictive biomarker of pharmacological interventions.

A multi-gene panel beyond BRCA1/BRCA2 to identify new breast cancer-predisposing mutations by a picodroplet PCR followed by a next-generation sequencing strategy: a pilot study.

By analyzing multiple gene panels, next-generation sequencing is more effective than conventional procedures in identifying disease-related mutations that are useful for clinical decision-making. Here, we aimed to test the efficacy of an 84 genes customized-panel in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative patients. Twenty-four patients were enrolled in this study. DNA libraries were prepared using a picodroplet PCR-based approach and sequenced with the MiSeq System. Highly putative pathogenic mutations were identified in genes other than the commonly tested BRCA1/2: 2 pathogenic mutations one in TP53 and one in MUTYH; 2 missense variants in MSH6 and ATM, respectively; 2 frameshift variants in KLLN, and ATAD2, respectively; an intronic variant in ANPEP, and 3 not functionally known variants (a frameshift variant in ATM a nonsense variant in ATM and a missense variant in NFE2L2). Our results show that this molecular screening will increase diagnostic sensitivity leading to a better risk assessment in breast cancer patients and their families. This strategy could also reveal genes that have a higher penetrance for breast and ovarian cancers by matching gene mutation with familial and clinical data, thereby increasing information about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genetics and improving cancer prevention measures or therapeutic approaches.

Metastatic group 3 medulloblastoma is driven by PRUNE1 targeting NME1-TGF-ß-OTX2-SNAIL via PTEN inhibition.

Genetic modifications during development of paediatric groups 3 and 4 medulloblastoma are responsible for their highly metastatic properties and poor patient survival rates. PRUNE1 is highly expressed in metastatic medulloblastoma group 3, which is characterized by TGF-ß signalling activation, c-MYC amplification, and OTX2 expression. We describe the process of activation of the PRUNE1 signalling pathway that includes its binding to NME1, TGF-ß activation, OTX2 upregulation, SNAIL (SNAI1) upregulation, and PTEN inhibition. The newly identified small molecule pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative AA7.1 enhances PRUNE1 degradation, inhibits this activation network, and augments PTEN expression. Both AA7.1 and a competitive permeable peptide that impairs PRUNE1/NME1 complex formation, impair tumour growth and metastatic dissemination in orthotopic xenograft models with a metastatic medulloblastoma group 3 cell line (D425-Med cells). Using whole exome sequencing technology in metastatic medulloblastoma primary tumour cells, we also define 23 common 'non-synonymous homozygous' deleterious gene variants as part of the protein molecular network of relevance for metastatic processes. This PRUNE1/TGF-ß/OTX2/PTEN axis, together with the medulloblastoma-driver mutations, is of relevance for future rational and targeted therapies for metastatic medulloblastoma group 3.10.1093/brain/awy039_video1awy039media15742053534001.

A streamlined workflow for single-cells genome-wide copy-number profiling by low-pass sequencing of LM-PCR whole-genome amplification products.

Chromosomal instability and associated chromosomal aberrations are hallmarks of cancer and play a critical role in disease progression and development of resistance to drugs. Single-cell genome analysis has gained interest in latest years as a source of biomarkers for targeted-therapy selection and drug resistance, and several methods have been developed to amplify the genomic DNA and to produce libraries suitable for Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). However, most protocols require several enzymatic and cleanup steps, thus increasing the complexity and length of protocols, while robustness and speed are key factors for clinical applications. To tackle this issue, we developed a single-tube, single-step, streamlined protocol, exploiting ligation mediated PCR (LM-PCR) Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) method, for low-pass genome sequencing with the Ion Torrent™ platform and copy number alterations (CNAs) calling from single cells. The method was evaluated on single cells isolated from 6 aberrant cell lines of the NCI-H series. In addition, to demonstrate the feasibility of the workflow on clinical samples, we analyzed single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) isolated from the blood of patients affected by prostate cancer or lung adenocarcinoma. The results obtained show that the developed workflow generates data accurately representing whole genome absolute copy number profiles of single cell and allows alterations calling at resolutions down to 100 Kbp with as few as 200,000 reads. The presented data demonstrate the feasibility of the Ampli1™ WGA-based low-pass workflow for detection of CNAs in single tumor cells which would be of particular interest for genome-driven targeted therapy selection and for monitoring of disease progression.

miR-138/miR-222 Overexpression Characterizes the miRNome of Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Obesity.

Clinical findings and data obtained in animal models indicate that nutrient uptake and exposure to environmental agents during pregnancy may affect fetal/newborn gestational programming, thereby resulting in obesity and/or obesity-related disorders in offspring. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hA-MSCs) differentiate into adipocytes and are thus a suitable model to investigate adipocyte functions in obesity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the miRNome of hA-MSCs and its contribution to obesity in pregnancy. To this aim we used the following: (i) high-resolution small RNA sequencing to characterize the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of hA-MSCs of 13 obese (Ob-) and 7 control (Co-) pregnant women at delivery; (ii) multiple-method integrated bioinformatics to predict the metabolic pathways potentially miRNA deregulated in Ob-hA-MSCs; and (iii) microarray mRNA expression profiling to verify obese-associated mRNA alterations. In summary, 12 miRNAs were differentially expressed between Ob-hA-MSCs and Co-hA-MSCs, with a multiple-methods bioinformatic consensus on miR-138-5p and miR-222-3p, which were overexpressed in Ob-hA-MSCs versus Co-hA-MSCs. The top 20 significant pathways predicted to be deregulated through miR-138-5p and/or miR-222-3p/target interaction included fat cell differentiation and deposits, lipid/carbohydrate homeostasis, response to stress, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and ischemia. In conclusion, our finding of miR-138-5p/miR-222-3p overexpression in Ob-hA-MSCs, together with the transcriptomic data, suggests that these miRNAs in obese pregnancy could derange metabolic pathways previously found impaired in tissues from obese adults or in obesity-associated disorders and concur to modify gestational programming as has been demonstrated in animal models. This raises the possibility of using diet-based strategies to normalize the perinatal miRNome in obesity.

Epigenetic features of FoxP3 in children with cow's milk allergy.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation of the Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes is altered during cow's milk allergy (CMA). Forkhead box transcription factor 3 (FoxP3) is essential for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is involved in oral tolerance acquisition. We assessed whether tolerance acquisition in children with IgE-mediated CMA is associated with DNA demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) of FoxP3. RESULTS: Forty children (aged 3-18 months) were enrolled: 10 children with active IgE-mediated CMA (group 1), 10 children who outgrew CMA after dietary treatment with an extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (group 2), 10 children who outgrew CMA after treatment with other formulas (group 3), and 10 healthy controls (group 4). FoxP3 TSDR demethylation and expression were measured in mononuclear cells purified from peripheral blood of the four groups of children. FoxP3 TSDR demethylation was significantly lower in children with active IgE-mediated CMA than in either children who outgrew CMA or in healthy children. Formula selection influenced the FoxP3 TSDR demethylation profile. The FoxP3 TSDR demethylation rate and expression level were correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Tolerance acquisition in children with IgE-mediated CMA involves epigenetic regulation of the FoxP3 gene. This feature could be a new target for preventive and therapeutic strategies against CMA.

Cracking the Code of Human Diseases Using Next-Generation Sequencing: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have greatly impacted on every field of molecular research mainly because they reduce costs and increase throughput of DNA sequencing. These features, together with the technology's flexibility, have opened the way to a variety of applications including the study of the molecular basis of human diseases. Several analytical approaches have been developed to selectively enrich regions of interest from the whole genome in order to identify germinal and/or somatic sequence variants and to study DNA methylation. These approaches are now widely used in research, and they are already being used in routine molecular diagnostics. However, some issues are still controversial, namely, standardization of methods, data analysis and storage, and ethical aspects. Besides providing an overview of the NGS-based approaches most frequently used to study the molecular basis of human diseases at DNA level, we discuss the principal challenges and applications of NGS in the field of human genomics.

Differences in DNA methylation profile of Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes are associated with tolerance acquisition in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy.

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic changes in DNA methylation could regulate the expression of several allergy-related genes. We investigated whether tolerance acquisition in children with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) is characterized by a specific DNA methylation profile of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) and Th1 (IL-10, IFN-γ)-associated cytokine genes. RESULTS: DNA methylation of CpGs in the promoting regions of genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum level of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and INF-γ were assessed in children with active IgE-mediated CMA (group 1), in children who acquired tolerance to cow's milk proteins (group 2) and in healthy children (group 3). Forty children (24 boys, aged 3 to 18 months) were enrolled: 10 in group 1, 20 in group 2, and 10 in the control group. The DNA methylation profiles clearly separated active CMA patients from healthy controls. We observed an opposite pattern comparing subjects with active IgE-mediated CMA with healthy controls and group 2 children who outgrew CMA. The IL-4 and IL-5 DNA methylation was significantly lower, and IL-10 and INF-γ DNA methylation was higher in active IgE-mediated CMA patients. Gene promoter DNA methylation rates of all cytokines and respective serum levels were strongly correlated. Formula selection significantly influenced cytokine DNA methylation profiles in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Tolerance acquisition in children with IgE-mediated CMA is characterized by a distinct Th1 and Th2 cytokine gene DNA methylation pattern. These results suggest that DNA methylation may be a target for CMA prevention and treatment.

miR-34a predicts survival of Ewing's sarcoma patients and directly influences cell chemo-sensitivity and malignancy.

Identification of factors to detect chemotherapy-resistant tumours at diagnosis is a first priority for risk-adapted therapy in the oncology of children and young adults, where more individualized, effective, and less toxic treatments are highly desirable. In this study, we analysed the miRNAs discriminating Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) patients with different clinical outcomes in order to identify new indicators of prognosis. miRNA expression was investigated in 49 primary EWSs by using the Agilent human miRNA microarray v.2 and/or qRT-PCR. Statistical power of the samples studied for miRNA expression was verified, indicating adequate sample size. Microarray analysis defined a signature of five miRNAs (miR-34a, miR-23a, miR-92a, miR-490-3p, and miR-130b) as an independent predictor of risk for disease progression and survival. Validation analysis in the extended sample set indicated that both miR-34a and miR-490-3p achieved sufficient statistical power to predict prognosis. Results were particularly robust for miR-34a, which appeared associated with either event-free or overall survival and emerged as a significant predictor also after multivariate analysis. Patients with the highest expression of miR-34a did not experience adverse events in 5 years; in contrast, patients with the lowest expression recurred within 2 years. High expression of miR34a can be detected also in paraffin-embedded tissues by in situ hybridization, thus contributing to an easy routine evaluation of this miRNA. Functional analysis of miR-34a in EWS cell lines indicated that when miR-34a expression was enforced, cells were less proliferative, less malignant, and sensitized to doxorubicin and vincristine. Expression of miR-34a could be increased in p53wt cells by treatment with nutlin-3a. Accordingly, nutlin-3a synergizes with doxorubicin. Overall, our data indicate that miR-34a expression is a strong predictor of outcome in EWS. Restoration of miR-34a activity may be useful to decrease malignancy and increase tumour sensitivity to current drugs, so sparing excessive long-term toxicity to EWS patients.